Sicurezza strutturale. Come sappiamo i requisiti minimi di sicurezza per le trattrici agricole prevedono di tutelare il conducente contro il pericolo di schiacciamento dovuto a ribaltamento del mezzo (Rops) o a caduta di corpi dall’alto (Fops). D’obbligo anche la presenza di sistemi di ritenzione. Per il primo punto, va citata la presenza di cabina a quattro o più montanti o di un arco di protezione nel caso di trattrici prive di abitacolo (tipicamente quelle destinate a colture specialistiche e che operando sotto alla vegetazione devono forzatamente ridurre l’altezza massima). I sistemi di ritenzione più tipici – nonché, purtroppo, meno usati – sono invece le cinture di sicurezza, presenti su tutti i trattori moderni e prescritte anche per il rinnovo dell’omologazione sui mezzi più datati. Si possono inoltre considerare sistemi di sicurezza strutturale le protezioni – anch’esse previste dalle normative – per tutte le parti in rapida rotazione o che presentino temperature estreme (superiori agli 80 are present on all modern tractors and are also prescribed to renew the official approval on older vehicles. Another structural safety systems to be considered are the guards - also required by the regulations - for all parts that rotate rapidly or are subject to extreme temperatures (above 80 degrees, if these are positive temperatures). Thus, grilles are indispensable on tractors to protect fans, belts or other rotating parts, as well as radiators and exhausts, and gas after-treatment systems (Egr, in acronym). These are generally elements that are located under the bonnet, with the exception of the front and rear power take-offs and their cardan shafts. As is well known, these must mandatorily have non-rotating covers, usually retained by a chain latch, to be fixed to a stable element of the vehicle. Since this type of guard, and in particular the fixing chain, are prone to breakage, some manufacturers of cardan shafts have, in recent years, designed fixed chainless guards to increase the safety of one of the most accident-prone devices. As far as fans and belts are concerned, the tractor bonnet is in itself an effective protection, especially now that its opening, which used to be possible by acting on a simple lever or button, is tied to the use of a special key, which is usually also the start-up key. It should thus be impossible to access moving parts when the machine is in operation. Another recently introduced element is the battery disconnection system, which is designed to avoid fire hazards while stationary, but is also useful as an electrocution prevention measure. Finally, the presence of external controls for operating hydraulic services, three-point linkage and power take-off should be mentioned: they are usually located on the mudguards, in a position where they cannot be operated by the operator while in the danger zone. The role of electronics. The huge increase in electronic and digital components on agricultural vehicles has certainly contributed to improving their safety by providing a series of automatisms thanks to which the danger of accidents can be averted or reduced. Many of these systems are part of the control levers (more on this later). Here, however, we dutifully mention the 'man-present' devices, which block the operation of the tractor and its functions - from the PTO to the power lift, not forgetting TECNICA 20 TECNICA Il trattore è una macchina multifunzionale per definizione, ma vi sono alcune attività che esulano fortemente dalla normale routine e per le quali sono stati quindi previsti sistemi di sicurezza opzionali, specifici per quei campi di applicazione. Tra esse, ricordiamo in primo luogo la forestazione, per la quale solitamente si montano protezioni aggiuntive sul tetto della cabina, visto il concreto pericolo di caduta di tronchi che questo lavoro comporta. Molto utilizzate anche le schermature per parabrezza e vetri laterali, soprattutto quando si effettuano lavori come la trinciatura di ceppi o simili. Griglie sul parabrezza ma anche sul fianco destro per le macchine destinate a fare lavori municipali come la pulizia degli argini, infine. Per esse, molti costruttori offrono, a richiesta, anche la sostituzione del vetro anteriore o laterale con pannelli in policarbonato, trasparenti come il classico parabrezza ma insensibili ai colpi dei sassi. Protezioni aggiuntive per attività speciali The tractor is a multifunctional machine by definition, but there are certain activities that fall far outside the normal routine and for which optional safety systems, specific to those fields of application, are therefore provided. These include first and foremost forestry, for which additional guards are usually fitted on the cab roof, given the real danger of falling logs that this work entails. Windshield and side window screens are also widely used, especially when carrying out work such as chopping logs or the like. Screens on the windscreen but also on the right side for machines intended for municipal work such as cleaning embankments, finally. For these, many manufacturers also offer, on request, the replacement of the front or side glass with polycarbonate panels, which are as transparent as the classic windshield but impervious to stone impacts. Additional protections for special activities Le parti in rotazione, esclusa la Pto, sono alloggiate sotto il cofano, che spesso si apre soltanto con la chiave di accensione Rotating parts, excluding the PTO, are housed under the bonnet, which often only opens with the ignition ke
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